A Note On GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a second-generation digital mobile telephone standard that uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). It is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies - CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), GSM and TDMA.

GSM digitizes and compresses voice data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900, 1800 or 1,900MHz frequency bands.

GSM was initially developed as a pan-European collaboration, intended to enable mobile roaming between member countries. As at March 2003, GSM digital wireless services were offered in some form in over 193 countries. In 2002, about 69% of all digital mobile subscriptions in the world used GSM phones on GSM networks.

only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for GSM mobile systems, engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time. The solution industry adopted was called frequency planning or frequency reuse. Frequency reuse was implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture into the cellular concept.

Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from neighboring cells. The coverage area of cells is called the footprint. This footprint is limited by a boundary so that the same group of channels can be used in different cells that are far enough away from each other so that their frequencies do not interfere.

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A note on TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a second-generation technology used in digital mobile telephone communication, which divides each cellular channel into individual time slots in order to increase the amount of data that can be carried out.

Several different mutually incompatible implementations of TDMA technologies are in use worldwide, the most prolific being GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications). However, the implementation that is commonly referred to as TDMA is that defined by IS-136 by the Telecommunication Industries Association.

Although TDMA is currently incompatible with other second-generation systems, there is now a common upgrade path to IMT-2000, which should become the world-wide standard for third-generation mobile communication.

A Note On GPRS

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-based wireless data communication service designed to replace the current circuit-switched services available on the second-generation Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) IS-136 networks.

GSM and TDMA networks were designed for voice communication, dividing the available bandwidth into multiple channels, each of which is constantly allocated to an individual call (circuit-switched). These channels can be used for the purpose of data transmission, but they only provide a maximum transmission speed of around 9.6Kbps.

Mobile Station

The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment, i.e. the handset, and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive and make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.

The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorised use by a password or personal identity number.

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